Absolute calibrated tissue oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin volume fraction

ABSTRACT

A medical device for monitoring a patient condition includes a sensor capable of being advanced transvascularly to be positioned along a volume of tissue, the sensor including a first combination of a light source and a light detector to emit light into a volume of tissue and to detect light scattered by the volume of tissue and to generate a first output signal corresponding to an intensity of the detected light. A control module is coupled to the light source to control the light source to emit light at least four spaced-apart light wavelengths, and a monitoring module is coupled to the light detector to receive the output signal and compute a measure of tissue oxygenation using the light detector output signal.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present disclosure claims priority and other benefits from U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/185,824, filed Jun. 10, 2009,entitled “ABSOLUTE CALIBRATED TISSUE OXYGEN SATURATION AND TOTALHEMOGLOBIN VOLUME FRACTION”, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Cross-reference is hereby made to the commonly-assigned related U.S.applications: Attorney Docket Numbers P0034665.03, P0034665.06 andP0034665.07, all entitled “DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MONITORING ABSOLUTEOXYGEN SATURATION AND TOTAL HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION”, to Kuhn et al.;Attorney Docket Numbers P0035554.01, P0035554.02 and P0035554.03, allentitled “TISSUE OXYGENATION MONITORING IN HEART FAILURE” to Cinbis etal.; Attorney Docket Number P0035742.01, entitled “ACTIVE NOISECANCELLATION IN AN OPTICAL SENSOR SIGNAL”, to Kuhn et al.,; AttorneyDocket Numbers P0034899.01 and P0034899.02, both entitled “SHOCKREDUCTION USING ABSOLUTE CALIBRATED TISSUE OXYGEN SATURATION AND TOTALHEMOGLOBIN VOLUME FRACTION”, to Kuhn et al.; and Attorney Docket NumbersP0035038.02, entitled “ABSOLUTE CALIBRATED TISSUE OXYGEN SATURATION ANDTOTAL HEMOGLOBIN VOLUME FRACTION”, to Kuhn et al., all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates generally to medical devices and, in particular,to a medical device and associated methods for monitoring tissue oxygenavailability.

BACKGROUND

A wide range of normal and pathological conditions can alter the bloodand oxygen supply to body tissue. Such conditions can be systemic,affecting the whole body, or localized, affecting a portion of the body,i.e., a particular region or organ(s) of the body. Such conditions canrelate to the hemoglobin content of the blood, respiratory function,metabolic demand of the particular body tissue, and pathologicalconditions or diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, diabetes,vascular disease, etc.

Bedside monitoring devices are available for measuring the oxygensaturation of the blood, e.g., pulse oximeters, or a localized area oftissue. However, a need remains for improved sensors and methods formonitoring the oxygenation status of body tissue for tracking patientstatus and managing and optimizing therapies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an implantable medical device (IMD)configured for monitoring tissue oxygenation in a patient.

FIG. 2 is a top, schematic view of an optical sensor according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a medical device including anoptical sensor for monitoring tissue oxygenation.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for operating an optical sensor toobtain light detector output signals during tissue oxygenationmonitoring.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method for operating an optical sensorduring tissue oxygenation monitoring.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an alternative method for using an opticalsensor for monitoring tissue oxygenation.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method for using a medical device includingan optical sensor for monitoring tissue oxygenation.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method for monitoring tissue oxygenation fordetecting hypoxia.

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of an implantable optical sensing device.

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an optical sensing device including anelongated lead body and an optical sensor provided at a distal end ofthe lead body.

FIG. 11A is a schematic view of an optical sensing device including asensor coupled to the distal end of a lead.

FIG. 11B is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of an opticalsensing device.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of yet another embodiment of an opticalsensing device.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an external monitoring system for usein monitoring tissue oxygenation.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate other configurations of external tissueoxygenation sensing devices.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, references are made to illustrativeembodiments. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilizedwithout departing from the scope of the invention. In some instances,for purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers may be used in thedrawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the term “module”refers to an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), anelectronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memorythat execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinationallogic circuit, or other suitable components that provide the describedfunctionality.

In various embodiments described herein, an optical sensor is used tomonitor tissue oxygenation in a measurement tissue volume for detectingor predicting tissue hypoxia. The measurement volume is the volume oftissue (including blood) in the optical path of the sensor. The term“tissue oxygenation” as used herein refers to the availability of oxygento a localized tissue volume and thus refers generally to theavailability of oxygenated hemoglobin.

The term “total hemoglobin volume fraction” (HbT) refers to theconcentration of red blood cells in a measurement volume carryinghemoglobin and thus relates to the total hemoglobin concentration as afraction of a measurement volume. Stated differently, the totalhemoglobin volume fraction, which can be expressed as a percentage, isthe volume percentage of red blood cells carrying oxygenated anddeoxygenated hemoglobin in the measurement volume. Thus a measurement ofHbT will include contributions from red blood cells present in anyarteries, capillaries, and veins which may be present in the measurementvolume. Generally speaking, when the availability of oxygen to a bodytissue is being monitored, the optical sensor is positioned such thatthe measurement volume extends through a relatively uniform tissuevolume such that optical sensor signals used to compute measurements oftissue oxygenation correlate to the absolute tissue oxygen saturationand HbT in the microcirculation of the measurement volume.

Absolute tissue oxygen saturation (O₂Sat) is the portion (or percentage)of the total hemoglobin that is in an oxygenated state. Morespecifically, O₂Sat relates to the available hemoglobin binding sitesholding an oxygen molecule. Measurements of O₂Sat will be correlated toa direct measurement of tissue oxygen partial pressure (pO₂). “Tissueoxygenation monitoring” as used herein refers to monitoring at least oneor both of O₂Sat (or an index thereof) and HbT (or an index thereof).Tissue oxygenation monitoring may involve determining absolutemeasurements of O₂Sat and HbT or determining trends of thesemeasurements or trends of indices of these measurements. When eitherO₂Sat or HbT are reduced, a blood-perfused tissue can become hypoxic.

The term “hypoxia” as used herein refers to a reduced availability ofoxygen to the tissue. Ischemia is a deficiency of blood flow to a bodytissue due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of bloodvessels to the tissue. Ischemia will lead to tissue hypoxia if theduration of the ischemic episode prevents replenishment of the oxygensupply before the tissue oxygen partial pressure becomes significantlyreduced. Tissue hypoxia may also occur when the arterial blood isinadequately oxygenated. Inadequate oxygenation of the arterial blooditself is referred to as “hypoxemia.” Tissue hypoxia caused by hypoxemiais referred to as “hypoxic hypoxia”. Inadequate tissue oxygenation mayalso result from anemia, when the oxygen carrying capacity of the bloodis reduced due to a deficiency of red blood cells, less than normalhemoglobin content or altered hemoglobin constituents. Hypoxia due to areduction of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is referred to as“anemic hypoxia”. Other forms of hypoxia include “stagnant hypoxia,”which occurs when inadequate blood flow fails to transport sufficientoxygen to the tissue, such as in heart failure. As such, stagnanthypoxia generally occurs when tissue perfusion is low, e.g., due to lowcardiac output.

Tissue hypoxia or anoxia (absence of oxygen) could be determined by adirect measurement of tissue oxygen partial pressure (pO₂). However,measurements of light scattering by blood chromophores allowsmeasurement of O₂Sat and HbT in the capillary, arterial and venous bloodvolumes present in the measurement tissue volume to provide anindication of the availability of oxygen to the tissue. If theavailability of oxygen is decreased due to any change in O₂Sat and/orHbT, tissue hypoxia may occur or already be present. As such,measurements of O₂Sat and HbT can be used to detect or predict tissuehypoxia without directly measuring the partial pressure of oxygen in thetissue. As used herein, “detection” of tissue hypoxia, therefore, refersto detecting a change in the availability of oxygen to the tissue (i.e.,changes in O₂Sat and/or HbT) that could lead to, or has already caused,tissue hypoxia. In other words, detection of tissue hypoxia may be madebefore the tissue becomes hypoxic and is thus a prediction that tissuehypoxia will occur if the oxygen availability is not improved.

Monitoring absolute O₂Sat and HbT allows for the oxygen availability tothe tissue to be determined and may allow for discrimination betweendifferent physiological conditions. As will be described herein, tissueoxygenation monitoring applications may include chronic or acuteambulatory monitoring of tissue using an implantable or wearable medicaldevice including an optical sensor. As used herein, “chronic” monitoringgenerally refers to monitoring a tissue for more than one day usingcontinuous or periodic measurements while “acute” monitoring generallyrefers to monitoring a tissue for one day or less, for example, testingperformed during a clinical visit or measurements performed during asurgical procedure.

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an implantable medical device (IMD) 10configured for monitoring tissue oxygenation in a patient. IMD 10 may beembodied as any of a number of implantable medical devices, includingpacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), nervestimulators, fluid delivery pumps, hemodynamic monitors, ECG monitors,or the like. In one embodiment, IMD 10 includes an optical sensor 12incorporated in hermetically-sealed housing 14 of IMD 10. Housing 14encloses an IMD battery and other device circuitry and components andincludes at least one opening or window 16 through which light isemitted from a light emitting portion of the optical sensor 12 and atleast one additional window 18 through which light is detected by alight detecting portion of optical sensor 12.

It is recognized that in sensor 12, and any of the other sensorembodiments described herein, multiple windows may be provided to allowmultiple light emitting and/or light detecting portions to be selectedin different combinations for performing oxygenation measurements.Different combinations of light emitting and light detecting portionsmay include using emitting and detecting portions at different distancesapart. The distance between the emitting and detecting portionsdetermines, in part, the optical pathway of the sensor and thus themeasurement volume. Therefore, selection of different emitting anddetecting portions and different emitting-to-detecting spacings allowsoxygenation measurements to be performed in different measurementvolumes in tissue adjacent to the sensor.

In some embodiments, an optical sensor 20 may be carried by a lead 22extending from IMD 10. Lead 22 is coupled to circuitry within housing 14via a connector block 15 including appropriate electrical connectionsand feedthroughs to allow circuitry within housing 14 to be coupled tosensor 20. A lead-based sensor 20 may be used to deploy sensor 20 at atissue site remote from the implant site of IMD 10. Lead 22 may betunneled extravascularly, e.g., subcutaneously or sub-muscularly, to adesired monitoring site.

In alternative embodiments, a lead 24 carrying a sensor 26 near or at adistal end of the lead 24, may be advanced within the vascular systemand remain within a blood vessel 25 for measuring O₂Sat and HbT withinthe blood stream or in tissue adjacent to blood vessel 25.Alternatively, lead 24 may be advanced intravascularly to a desiredtissue site then advanced through the vessel wall, for example, bypuncturing the vessel wall, for placement at an adjacent tissue site.

Sensors 30 a and 30 b are shown as wireless sensors including atelemetery module (not shown) enabled for wireless communication withIMD 10 or an external medical device, such as a bedside monitor, homemonitor or device programmer. A wireless optical sensor 30 a or 30 b maybe implanted at a desired monitoring site remote from IMD 10 without thesurgical constraints imposed by tethering sensor 30A or 30B to IMD 10using a conductive lead. A wireless sensor 30 a or 30 b may be implantedfor monitoring purposes only, without added therapy deliverycapabilities, and may be used alone or in conjunction with another IMD10.

In other embodiments, an external, wearable optical sensor 40 a, 40 b,or 40 c, collectively referred to as 40, may be provided for ambulatory,chronic or acute monitoring of tissue. Examples of placement of anexternal optical sensor 40 at different monitoring sites is illustratedin FIG. 1, which may be any external site including the extremities. Forexample, external optical sensors 40 may include a sensor 40 a placedalong the thenar muscle (along the palm of the hand just beneath thethumb), a sensor 40 b along the upper leg, or a sensor 40 c along thelower leg or foot. External sensors 40 may be held in a stable positionusing an adhesive patch or tape or using a securable band or cuff.External sensors 40 may alternatively be embodied as wired sensorscoupled to an external monitor or device programmer.

FIG. 2 is a top, schematic view of an optical sensor according to oneembodiment. It is recognized that numerous optical sensor configurationsmay be used for monitoring tissue oxygenation, and the methods anddevices described herein are not limited to a particular optical sensorconfiguration. In general, any optical sensor that acquires thescattered light intensity measurements required to compute a measurementof O₂Sat may be used. Examples of other optical sensors that may beemployed for measuring O₂Sat and HbT are generally described in U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/185,818 to Kuhn, et al., herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In general, any optical sensor that acquires measurements of theattenuation of light scattered by or transmitted through a tissue volumefor computing a measurement correlated to tissue oxygenation may beused. In some embodiments, tissue oxygenation measurements may include anon-calibrated index of oxygen saturation determined using atwo-wavelength optical sensor, typically emitting and detecting red andinfrared light, as generally disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No.2007/0255148 (Bhunia), hereby incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. In other embodiments, tissue oxygenation measurements mayinclude non-calibrated indices of oxygen saturation and blood volumedetermined using a two-wavelength (typically red and infrared) opticalsensor or a three-wavelength (typically red, isosbestic and infrared)optical sensor as generally described in U.S. Patent Publication No.2008/0208269 (Cinbis, et al), hereby incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

The sensor 100 shown in FIG. 2 includes a light emitting portion 102 anda light detecting portion 104. Light emitting portion 102 includes oneor more light sources 106 positioned to emit light through a lens 103sealed in an opening in hermetically-sealed housing 101. Light sources106 may be embodied as single white light source or multiple lightsources emitting light at separate spaced-apart wavelengths. Suitablelight sources include, without limitation, optoelectronic devices suchas light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers such as vertical cavity surfaceemitting lasers (VCSELs), luminescent or phosphorescent and incandescentlight sources. In one embodiment, light sources 106 are embodied as LEDsemitting light in the visible, e.g. red, and/or infrared light spectrum.

For example, four LEDs may be included in emitting portion 102 foremitting light at separate wavelengths of 680 nm, 720 nm, 760 nm, and800 nm. Alternatively, four LEDs provided as light sources 106 may emitlight at 660 nm, 720 nm, 760 nm, and 810 nm. In another embodiment, fourLEDs are included emitting light at 720 nm, 760 nm, 810 nm, and 850 nm.In yet another embodiment, four LEDs are included that emit light at 720nm, 760 nm, 810 nm, and 890 nm. Any combination of light sourcesemitting light at any of the wavelengths mentioned herein may be used.Furthermore, it is recognized that the specified wavelengths areapproximate and each light source may emit a narrow band of lightwavelengths which is approximately centered on, or at least includes,the specified wavelength. The light sources may be controlled to emitlight sequentially or simultaneously.

In the embodiment shown, the light emitting portion 102 further includesa reference light detector 110, which may be embodied, for example, as aphotodiode. The light entering an adjacent tissue volume from emittingportion 102 may change over time during chronic use of sensor 100 due,for example, to drift in the photonic output of light source(s) 106and/or changes in the optical properties of the materials encountered bylight emitted by light sources 106 before entering an adjacent tissuevolume, e.g. lens 103. Reference light detector 110 provides an outputsignal for measuring or detecting changes in the intensity of the lightemitted by emitting portion 102.

The reference light detector 110 output signal can be used in computingor adjusting O₂Sat and HbT measurements. Additionally or alternatively,an output signal from reference light detector 110 can be used as afeedback signal for controlling the drive signals applied to lightsources 106 to cause light emission.

In other embodiments, a light detector is not included in the emittingportion 102. The emitted light intensity is assumed to be stablethroughout the usable life of the sensor so as not to introducesignificant error in attenuation measurements.

The light detecting portion 104 includes a light detector 108 positionedto receive light through a lens 105 mounted in an opening in housing101. The light detector 108 may be embodied as a photodiode. Othercomponents suitable for use as a light detector include a photoresistor,phototransistor, photovoltaic cell, photomultiplier tube, bolometer,charge-coupled device (CCD) or an LED reverse-biased to function as aphotodiode. Light detector 108 receives light scattered by an adjacenttissue volume. The distance 112 between the light sources 106 and thelight detector 108 will influence the optical path length 114, shownschematically. Greater spacing (longer distance 112) between theemitting and detecting portions will result in a longer optical path,extending deeper in the adjacent tissue volume, than relatively shorterspacing between light sources 106 and light detector 108.

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a medical device 150 includingan optical sensor 180 for monitoring O₂Sat and HbT. Device 150 andvariations thereof may generally correspond to IMD 10, a wireless sensor40, or an external sensor 30 (all shown in FIG. 1). Device 150 includesan optical sensor 180, which may be incorporated in or on a sealedhousing of device 150, carried by a lead extending from device 150, orlocated in a separate housing. Device 150 further includes sensor inputcircuitry 162, sensor output circuitry 166, and optionally includesreference signal output circuitry 164 when a reference light detector isincluded in the optical sensor 180 for measuring the intensity ofemitted light.

Optical sensor 180 generally includes a light source for emitting lightthrough a blood perfused tissue (and/or blood) of the patient and alight detector for generating a signal representative of an intensity oflight scattered by the blood perfused tissue to the light detector. Thelight passed through the tissue or bloodstream may be selected toinclude four or more wavelengths for use in computing avolume-independent measure of O₂Sat, from which an absolute, calibratedO₂Sat may be derived. Typically, the intensity of scattered lightfalling in the red part of the visible light spectrum and the infrared(IR) portion of the light spectrum is measured. The light scattered bythe blood perfused tissue and received by the light detector isgenerally correlated to the oxygen available (O₂Sat and HbT) to thetissue. Processing of the optical sensor output signal thus allowstissue oxygen availability to be measured for monitoring a patientcondition.

Sensor input circuitry 162 is coupled to a light emitting portion 182 ofoptical sensor 180. Light emitting portion 182 includes one or morelight sources for emitting light. Light sources may emit light atdiscrete, spaced-apart wavelengths or a single white light source may beused. The measurement of scattered light for at least four differentwavelengths allows a calibrated absolute O₂Sat measurement to beobtained as will be described herein. Sensor input circuitry 162provides input signals to the optical sensor 180. In particular, sensorinput circuitry 162 provides the drive signals applied to the lightsource(s) included in light emitting portion 182 to cause controlledlight emission, e.g. controlled intensity, time duration and frequency.

Sensor input circuitry 162 is controlled by sensor control module 168which coordinates the beginning time, duration, and frequency of drivesignals produced by sensor input circuitry 162. Drive signals may beapplied to individual light sources simultaneously to cause “mixed”light emission from all light sources. Control signals may include aperiod of no light emission for ambient light measurement. In oneembodiment, the drive signals are applied sequentially to causesequential (i.e., non-simultaneous) light emission by individual lightsources emitting light at spaced apart wavelengths. In this way, a lightdetecting portion 184 of sensor 180 will receive scattered light at anindividual wavelength at any given time during the operation of sensor180. It is recognized that referring to an “individual” or “one”wavelength can include a narrow bandwidth of wavelengths approximatelycentered on, or at least including, the specified individual wavelengthemitted by a light source.

The sequential emission of light wavelengths allows multiple, scatteredlight signals to be sequentially measured for each wavelength. A singleO₂Sat or HbT measurement will require some minimum interval of timecorresponding to the cumulative time durations of each of the separatelyemitted wavelengths. The time-based sequencing of emitted light mayinclude an interval of no light emission to allow for ambient lightmeasurements and correction of the measured light signals for thepresence of ambient light during light emission by the sensor.

In alternative embodiments, the sensor input circuitry 162 is controlledby sensor control module 168 to deliver drive signals simultaneously toeach of the light sources at separate, unique frequencies. For example,light sources may be controlled to emit light simultaneously with eachwavelength having a signature frequency fluctuation. The detectingportion 184 will receive scattered light at all of the wavelengthscorresponding to the light source wavelengths simultaneously with eachwavelength modulated to a signature frequency. A light detector signalis then demodulated to obtain the individual wavelength signals.

This frequency multiplexing method of controlling the light emittingportion 182 allows simultaneous light emission and detection such thatchanges in light attenuation by the tissue due to oxygen and hemoglobinchanges in the measurement volume can be measured simultaneously for allof the wavelengths rather than at discrete time intervals. This allowsfor a more instantaneous measurement of O₂Sat and HbT as compared to thesequentially-acquired signals for separate wavelengths in thetime-multiplexed method of controlling light emission.

The different wavelengths may be modulated at frequencies that are muchgreater than the frequency of ambient light changes. Demodulation of thedetected light signal will reduce or eliminate effects of ambient lightartifact since low frequency components of the detected light signalcorresponding to ambient light changes will be substantially removedfrom the demodulated light detector output signal.

Sensor output circuitry 166 receives the light detector signal fromlight detecting portion 184 and demodulates, digitizes, or performsother signal conditioning to provide a digital signal to monitoringmodule 170. Sensor output circuitry 166 may include an analog-to-digitalconverter and memory for digitizing an analog output signal fromdetecting portion 184, providing the digitized signal to monitoringmodule 170, storing measurement results for future retrieval as well asstoring calibration coefficients.

Monitoring module 170 uses the optical signal to compute a measurementof O₂Sat and a measurement of HbT using the attenuation of the multiplewavelengths measured by detecting portion 184. In some embodiments, acalibrated absolute O₂Sat and calibrated HbT are derived from themeasurements and provided to a processor 154 (or other controlcircuitry) for monitoring tissue oxygenation. In particular, the O₂Satand HbT measurements may be used to detect a patient conditionassociated with a change in the availability of oxygen to the tissue.

Device 150 optionally includes a therapy delivery module 156. Themonitored O₂Sat and HbT may be used in determining when a therapy isneeded and in controlling therapy delivered by therapy delivery module156. Therapy delivery module 156 may include electrical pulse generationcapabilities for delivering cardiac pacing pulses,cardioversion/defibrillation shocks, or nerve stimulation therapies.Therapy delivery module 156 may additionally or alternatively include afluid delivery pump for delivering a pharmaceutical or biological fluidto the patient, such as cardiac drugs, insulin, or other therapeuticfluids.

Device 150 may include other sensors 171 for sensing physiologicalsignals such as ECG or cardiac EGM signals, blood pressure, patientactivity, patient posture, temperature, or the like. Such sensor signalsmay be used in combination with the monitored O₂Sat and HbT fordetecting a patient condition. Other physiological sensors may also beused in triggering the acquisition of O₂Sat and HbT measurements,adjusting thresholds for detecting tissue hypoxia, and establishingdifferent baseline O₂Sat and HbT measurements for different patientconditions (e.g., different activity levels, different patient postures,etc.).

Data acquired by processor 154 relating to O₂Sat and HbT may be storedin memory 152 and/or transferred to a medical device programmer, homemonitor, computer, or other external or bedside medical device viawireless telemetry module 158 for display and/or review by a clinician.Data relating to O₂Sat and HbT may also be transmitted to anotherimplantable or external medical device for use in controlling a devicedelivered therapy. Processor 154 transmits data to and from memory 152,therapy delivery module 156, and telemetry module 158 via data/addressbus 160.

As will be described herein, some embodiments include a reference lightdetector in the light emitting portion 182 of sensor 180. Referencesignal output circuitry 164 may then be included for receiving a lightdetection signal from the reference light detector and providing areference output signal to sensor control 168 and/or to monitoringmodule 170. In one embodiment, the reference signal output circuitryprovides an emitted light intensity feedback signal to sensor control168 in a feedback control loop to maintain emitted light at eachwavelength at desired relative intensities. Drive signals applied to alight source in light emitting portion 182 can be automatically adjustedto maintain the emitted light within a desired intensity range for eachwavelength measured by the detecting portion 184. In this way, theemitted light spectra is reliably maintained over time promoting theaccuracy of O₂Sat and HbT measurements computed using stored calibrationconstants or assuming stable light emission intensity. Accordinglysensor control 168 may include comparators, analog-to-digitalconverters, and other logic circuitry for determining if a referenceemitted light intensity signal is within a target range. If not withinthe desired range, the drive signal is adjusted by sensor control 168,e.g., in an iterative manner, until the target range is reached.

In an alternative embodiment, the reference emitted light intensitysignal provided by circuitry 164 is received by monitoring module 170.Monitoring module 170 may use the emitted light intensity and a detectedlight intensity to compute light attenuation at each desired wavelength.The attenuation at each wavelength can be used to compute secondderivative attenuation spectra as will be described in greater detailbelow which enables derivation of a volume-independent, absolute measureof O₂Sat.

Alternatively, monitoring module 170 uses changes in the emitted lightintensity to adjust a computed O₂Sat. O₂Sat may be computed assuming astable emitted light intensity. The actual emitted light intensity maybe measured and used to adjust a computed O₂Sat. For example, aninitially measured emitted signal intensity and a currently measuredemitted signal intensity can be used to adjust or correct an absoluteO₂Sat and HbT computed using only the light detector signal fromdetecting portion 184 and calibration constants.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method 200 for operating an optical sensorto obtain light detector output signals during tissue oxygenationmonitoring. Flow chart 200 and other flow charts presented herein areintended to illustrate the functional operation of the device, andshould not be construed as reflective of a specific form of software orhardware necessary to practice the methods described. It is believedthat the particular form of software, hardware and/or firmware will bedetermined primarily by the particular system architecture employed inthe device and by the particular detection and therapy deliverymethodologies employed by the device. Providing software to accomplishthe described functionality in the context of any modern medical device,given the disclosure herein, is within the abilities of one of skill inthe art.

Methods described in conjunction with flow charts presented herein maybe implemented in a computer-readable medium that includes instructionsfor causing a programmable processor to carry out the methods described.A “computer-readable medium” includes but is not limited to any volatileor non-volatile media, such as a RAM, ROM, CD-ROM, NVRAM, EEPROM, flashmemory, and the like. The instructions may be implemented as one or moresoftware modules, which may be executed by themselves or in combinationwith other software.

At block 202, a measurement time window is initiated. In variousapplications, tissue oxygenation monitoring may be continuous, periodic,or triggered in response to detecting physiological events monitored bythe medical device, such as arrhythmias, hemodynamic changes, changes inpatient activity or posture, or the like. In the example shown in method200, tissue oxygenation monitoring is performed during a periodic ortriggered measurement window. After initiating the measurement window,light emission is started at block 204. Light emission at selectedwavelengths may be controlled in a time multiplexed or frequencymultiplexed manner or provided as pulsed or continuous white orsimultaneously-emitted mixed light.

At block 206, the electrical output signal generated by the lightdetector is measured. The output signal may be analyzed using anamplitude approach or an integration approach. In the integrationapproach, an integrator is included in the sensor output circuitry forintegrating the light detector signal, for example using a capacitor.The signal may be integrated over fixed time intervals, which may be onthe order of approximately 0.10 to 100 ms for example. The magnitude ofthe integrated signal at the end of the fixed time interval is stored asa sample data point and corresponds to scattered light received by thelight detecting portion of the optical sensor during the fixed timeinterval. Alternatively, the light detector signal may be integrateduntil a predetermined integrated signal magnitude is reached and thetime interval required to reach the predetermined magnitude is stored asa sample data point.

In other embodiments, the amplitude of the light detector signal may bemonitored directly by sampling the signal amplitude throughout themeasurement window. Such sampling may correspond to sequential timeintervals of light source activation times during time multiplexed lightsource operation. Alternatively the frequency may be selected to begreater than the greatest frequency modulation of a light source in theemitting portion to allow sampling all of frequencies of emitted lightin a frequency multiplexed algorithm.

The measurement window may be set to allow time to acquire a desirednumber of output signal sample points for each of the desiredwavelengths. The light detector signal amplitude or integrated signalamplitude or time interval continues to be sampled during themeasurement window until it expires as determined at decision step 208.Depending on whether the measurement window is initiated as a periodicmonitoring window or a triggered monitoring window, the duration of themeasurement window may vary from a few seconds to a few minutes orlonger.

After acquiring the desired number of samples, the drive signalscontrolling the light emitting portion may be turned off. The sampleddata points may be stored and processed for computing oxygenationmeasurements. The sampled data points may be filtered or averaged atblock 214 to provide smoothing of signal data or removal of artifact.

At blocks 210 and 212 corrections of sample data may be made to reducethe influence of ambient light and baseline offset. Correctionsperformed in blocks 210 and 212 may be executed before or afterfiltering at block 214. Ambient light may be measured directly bymeasuring the optical signal when the light emitting portion of theoptical sensor is not emitting light. The ambient light contribution maythen be subtracted from the light signal. Baseline offset (sometimesreferred to as the “dark signal” or “dark interval”) is caused bycurrent leakage within the optical sensor electronics that occurs in theabsence of light. Correction for the baseline offset for a given sensorcan be made based on a dark signal or dark interval for that sensor,measured, for example, at the time of device manufacture andqualification testing. If the baseline offset exceeds a desiredthreshold, offset correction may be included at block 212 to subtractthe offset from the incoming signal data. The resulting filtered,corrected sampled signal for each of the wavelengths of interest can beprocessed as will be further described herein for obtaining avolume-independent measurement of O₂Sat and a measurement of HbT forassessing oxygenation of the adjacent tissue volume.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method 300 for operating an optical sensorduring tissue oxygenation monitoring. Method 300 generally correspondsto sensor operation after implantation and calibration, which will befurther described in conjunction with FIG. 7. Once the sensor iscalibrated and acceptably positioned at a monitoring site, it is enabledfor monitoring tissue oxygenation according to a programmed monitoringalgorithm. For example, method 300 generally corresponds to operationsperformed during continuous, periodic or triggered tissue oxygenationmonitoring.

At block 302, the optical sensor is controlled to emit light and thelight detector output signal is received from the light detectingportion of the sensor. The light detector output signal may be filteredand corrected for ambient light and baseline offset as described above.If a reference light detector is included in the light emitting portion,the reference light detector provides an output signal for measuring theintensity emitted by the sensor at block 308.

At block 306, the attenuation spectrum is measured. In one embodiment,the attenuation of four wavelengths in the red to infrared spectrum ismeasured. The attenuation of the four different wavelengths may bemeasured using sequential detection of the different wavelengths by thelight detector when a time multiplexed light emission control algorithmis used. Alternatively, measurement of the four different wavelengthsmay involve demodulation of simultaneously detected light at the fourdifferent wavelengths when frequency multiplexed light emission is used.In other embodiments, remitted light from a white light source orsimultaneously emitting separate light sources may be filtered to obtainthe four different wavelength attenuation signals. Remitted light is thelight that is scattered by the adjacent tissue volume and received bythe optical sensor. The attenuation of remitted light for a givenwavelength (λ) can be measured as the negative logarithm of the ratio ofthe emitted light intensity (i_(in)) to the remitted light intensity(i_(out)):

A(λ)=−log(i _(in) /i _(out))_(λ)  [1]

wherein i_(in) can be measured using the output signal of a referencelight detector in the light emitting portion of the sensor, and i_(out)is measured using the output signal of the light detecting portion for agiven wavelength. The term “attenuation” measurement as used hereingenerally refers to a measure of the attenuation of light due toabsorption and scattering by tissue along the optical path of thesensor. The measured attenuation may therefore not be an exactmeasurement of the actual light absorption by the tissue volume sincelight reflections and scattering may cause attenuation of the remittedlight intensity not attributed to actual light absorption by the tissue.

In alternative embodiments, the emitted intensity i_(in) for eachwavelength is measured prior to implantation, e.g., at the time ofmanufacture, and assumed to be sufficiently stable throughout the usablelife of the sensor and not cause significant measurement error. In thiscase, a reference light detector may be eliminated from the lightemitting portion of the sensor and thereby reduce overall size andcomplexity of the sensor. One method for measuring the emitted intensityprior to implantation uses the light detecting portion to measure theremitted light when the sensor is positioned within a calibratedreflective housing. The construction of the emitting portion is designedto minimize or prevent drift in the emitted light intensity over time.Design considerations include minimizing the distance between the tissueand the photonic surfaces of the light source(s).

The attenuation for four wavelengths is determined to allow the secondderivative with respect to wavelength of the attenuation spectra at twointermediate wavelengths to be computed. This determination of secondderivatives at two intermediate wavelengths allows for computation of ascaled second derivative as a ratio of the two second derivatives. Byproperly selecting the intermediate wavelengths, a scaled secondderivative is an oxygen-dependent and measurement volume-independentratio and therefore provides a measure of O₂Sat. At block 310, theattenuation measurement for each intermediate wavelength out of the fourdetected wavelengths is converted to a second derivative (D″), expressedgenerally as:

D″(λ_(i))=A(λ_(i+1))−2A(λ_(i))+A(λ_(i−1))  (2)

wherein A(λ_(i)) is the light attenuation, measured according toEquation 1 above, at the wavelength for which the second derivative isbeing computed, A(λ_(i+1)) is the attenuation at the next higherwavelength and A(λ_(i−1)) is the attenuation at the next lowerwavelength of the four wavelengths. Equation 2 assumes equal spacingsbetween the four wavelengths. When unequal spacings are used, adifferent equation for the second derivative with respect to wavelengthis required to account for the different wavelength spacings. Referenceis made to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/185,831 to Kuhn etal., incorporated herein by reference it it's entirety.

The second derivative of a selected intermediate wavelength is scaled bythe other computed second derivative at block 312. In one embodiment,the attenuation is measured for wavelengths at 680 nm, 720 nm, 760 nm,and 800 nm. The second derivatives of the attenuation spectra arecomputed at 720 nm and 760 nm and the second derivative at 720 nm isscaled by the second derivative at 760 nm. The scaled second derivative(SD″) of the 720 nm attenuation can be expressed as

SD″=D″(720)/D″(760)  (3)

This SD″(720) is dependent on oxygen saturation of the hemoglobinpresent in the measurement volume but independent of the size of themeasurement volume, defined by the optical path of the sensor. Thus,SD″(720) is independent of the total hemoglobin present in themeasurement volume and independent of the optical path length. Thereduced dependence on total hemoglobin and optical path length isexpected to reduce the effects of motion artifact on a measurement ofO₂Sat based on SD″(720). Thus, measuring attenuation for at least fourwavelengths allows the second derivatives of two intermediatewavelengths to be computed, allowing computation of a measurementvolume-independent, scaled second derivative.

As used herein, a “volume-independent” measure of oxygen saturationrefers to a measurement that is substantially independent of the size ofthe optical sensor path that encompasses a measurement volume within asubstantially uniform tissue. In other words, in a uniform, homogenoustissue, a longer optical pathway that encompasses a larger measurementvolume and a relatively shorter optical pathway that encompasses asmaller measurement volume within the same uniform tissue will producesubstantially equal O₂Sat measurements. A volume-dependent measure ofoxygen saturation would be dependent on oxygen and the measurementvolume and would thus produce two different measurements for twodifferent measurement volumes in the same uniform, homogenous tissue.The second derivative method for computing O₂Sat as described hereineliminates scattering effects of a changing measurement volume andprovides a volume-independent measurement of O₂Sat.

A homogenous tissue is a tissue that includes structures that arerelatively small compared to the measurement volume. For example, ifmeasurement volume is related to emitting-to-detecting spacing, ahomogenous tissue might be a tissue wherein tissue structures orfeatures have a dimension of approximately 1/10 of theemitting-to-detecting spacing or less. A uniform tissue is a tissue thathas uniform oxygenation through the depth of the measurement volume incontrast to an oxygenation gradient. If a tissue is non-uniform ornon-homogeneous, different oxygen saturation measurements will beobtained depending on the optical path of the sensor.

Once the scaled second derivative is obtained, the stored calibrationdata is used at block 314 to derive the absolute O₂Sat. The secondderivative for attenuation at 720 nm wavelength (and 760 nm) isdependent on oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin. Thus, at block 316,HbT may be determined knowing the D″(720) (or D″(760)) with respect towavelength, the derived absolute O₂Sat, and the stored calibration data.

Tissue oxygenation, or the availability of oxygen to tissue, as definedherein, is a function of both tissue O₂Sat and HbT. Depending on theparticular tissue oxygenation monitoring application, the derived O₂Satand HbT may each be used separately in a monitoring algorithm orcombined to determine a tissue oxygenation index used to monitor apatient's status and/or detect a physiological condition. At block 322,a tissue oxygenation index may be computed as a function of O₂Sat andHbT. For example, a tissue oxygenation index (TOI) may be a weightedcombination of the O₂Sat and HbT measurements. In one embodiment, atissue oxygenation index is computed as:

TOI=W ₁ O ₂Sat+W ₂ HbT  (4)

wherein W₁ and W₂ are weighting factors selected for a particularapplication. may be tailored to an individual patient. It iscontemplated that non-linear combinations of O₂Sat and HbT may also beused.

Thus, a tissue oxygenation index computed using absolute measurements ofO₂Sat and HbT can be available on a continuous, periodic or on-demandbasis. The TOI and/or the individual calibrated values of O₂ Sat and HbTmay be used for tracking a patient's baseline tissue oxygenation,changes in patient status based on changes in oxygenation, and indetecting physiological events or conditions associated with analteration in the tissue oxygenation at the monitoring site.

The absolute values of O₂Sat, HbT and the TOI computed using thecalibrated absolute values of O₂Sat and HbT are computed and stored bythe medical device. Additionally, differences between each of theseoxygenation measures and a baseline or other earlier correspondingmeasure may be computed and stored as calibrated trended variables. Assuch, in addition to storing the absolute values, trended values of eachof the oxygenation measurements may be stored as changes in the absolutevalues over time, referred to as dO₂ Sat, dHbT or dTOI, which eachrepresent the difference between a current measurement and a previousmeasurement of the same calibrated measurement.

Alternatively or additionally, non-calibrated values and trends of theoxygenation measurements may be determined and stored. Since sensorcalibration can be time consuming and adds to computational burden forcomputing a calibrated measurement, it may be desirable to computenon-calibrated values and trends of oxygenation measurements withoutconversion of those measurements to an absolute value. For example, ascaled second derivative of a properly selected wavelength, SD″(λ), is avolume-independent measure of O₂Sat and may be determined as an index ofO₂Sat without conversion to a calibrated measurement. Likewise, D″(λ),which is volume and oxygen dependent, can provide an index of HbTwithout conversion to a calibrated measurement. Each of theseuncalibrated tissue oxygenation measurements may be used individually asbaseline indices of tissue oxygenation or combined in a computation of aTOI, such as a weighted linear combination of the uncalibratedmeasurements similar to Equation (4) above.

The uncalibrated measurements of SD″(λ), D″(λ), and a TOI computed usingSD″(λ) and D″(λ) may be determined and stored when the medical device isinitially deployed for tissue monitoring for use as baselinemeasurements and measured for monitoring patient status and for use indetecting physiological events and optionally for controllingdevice-delivered therapies. Trends in each of the uncalibratedmeasurements over time, referred to as dSD″(λ), dD″(λ), and dTOI, mayalso be determined and stored as the difference between a currentuncalibrated measurement and a previous corresponding measurement. Insummary, various algorithms for monitoring tissue oxygenation mayutilize calibrated measurements (O₂ Sat and HbT), trends in thecalibrated measurements (dO₂Sat and dHbt), uncalibrated measurements(SD″(λ) and D″(λ)), trends in the uncalibrated measurements (dSD″(λ) anddD″(λ)) or any combination of the foregoing measurements and trends.

The oxygen saturation measurement derived from a scaled secondderivative is a volume-independent measurement and is therefore expectedto have reduced susceptibility to motion artifact, which could alter theoptical path of the sensor and thus alter the measurement volume.However, some embodiments may utilize the measured HbT, which isdependent on the measurement volume, to filter or blank tissueoxygenation monitoring during periods in which HbT is out of a normalrange, which may be due to motion or activity of the patient.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the measured HbT is compared to anacceptable range, e.g. between approximately 1% and approximately 25%,at block 318. If HbT is out of the acceptable range, tissue motion maybe causing erroneous HbT measurements. At block 320, the tissueoxygenation measurement is blanked or otherwise deemed invalid based onthe out-of-range HbT measurement. For example, patient activity mayresult in oscillatory movements that produce a signal that isintermittently in and out of the acceptable range. Intervals in whichthe HbT measurement is out-of-range may be blanked for determining atissue oxygenation index. During intervals in which the HbT measurementis in range, the tissue oxygenation index is computed at block 322. WhenHbT is out of range, the absolute tissue oxygen saturation measurementmay also be ignored or still be determined and stored since it is avolume-independent measurement.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an alternative method 400 for using an opticalsensor capable of measuring absolute tissue oxygen saturation formonitoring tissue oxygenation. At block 402, control signals are appliedto drive circuitry to control the emission of light from the lightemitting portion of the optical sensor.

A reference light detector is included in the light emitting portion ofthe sensor to provide a reference signal measuring the emitted light.The intensity of the emitted light may be controlled using a referencefeedback signal as indicated by block 404. In method 400, the emittedlight intensity is measured using the reference light detector forcontrolling light emission such that the emitted intensity (i_(in)) ateach of the wavelengths used for attenuation measurements is maintainedwithin a specified range.

An emitted light reference signal measured at block 404 using thereference light detector output signal is provided as feedback to thecontrol module controlling light emission at block 402. Drive signalsapplied to the light emitting portion may be adjusted in response to theemitted light reference signal to maintain the emitted light intensitywithin a target range for each wavelength selected for attenuationmeasurements.

When the emitted light is controlled to be maintained within a specifiedrange, the emitted light intensity in the attenuation Equation (1) abovebecomes a constant. Manipulation of the second derivative Equation (2)above results in a modified second derivative equation:

D″(λ_(i))_(modified) =C _(i)−log(i _(out))_(λi+1)+2 log(i_(out))_(λi)−log(i _(out))_(λi−1)  (5)

which may be rewritten as:

D″(λ_(i))_(modified) =C _(i)+log {(i _(out))_(λi) ²/((i_(out))_(λi+1))(i _(out))_(λi−1))}  (6)

The term C_(i) for a given wavelength λ_(i) becomes a calibrationconstant. Thus, a modified scaled second derivative may be computedusing only the detecting portion output signal and the calibrationconstants C_(i) determined for each of the measured wavelengths. In thecase where there is no reference measurement for emitted lightintensities at each wavelength, but the drive signal to the lightsources is controllable, the constants C_(i) are predetermined functionsof the drive signal. Note that the above Equation 6 is written for equalwavelength spacing and will include more terms for non-equal wavelengthspacing.

The scattered light is detected by the optical sensor at block 406 andused to compute the modified second derivatives at block 408 at two (ormore) intermediate wavelengths. The modified second derivatives needonly be computed for two intermediate wavelengths being used to computeO₂Sat and HbT.

A simplified scaled second derivative may be used as an estimate oftissue oxygen saturation in which the C_(i) constants are ignored in theabove equations. A simplified scaled second derivative may take the formof:

$\begin{matrix}{{SD}^{''} = \frac{{- {\log \left( i_{out} \right)}_{{\lambda \; i} + 1}} + {2{\log \left( i_{out} \right)}_{\lambda \; i}} - {\log \left( i_{out} \right)}_{{\lambda \; i} - 1}}{{- {\log \left( i_{out} \right)}_{{\lambda \; i} + 2}} + {2{\log \left( i_{out} \right)}_{{\lambda \; i} + 1}} - {\log \left( i_{out} \right)}_{\lambda \; i}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

This simplified scaled second derivative may be useful for measuring anuncalibrated, index of O₂Sat at block 410. A corresponding uncalibratedindex of HbT may be computed at block 412 using the simplified secondderivative computed using Equation 6. The O₂Sat and HbT indices may beused individually or combined in a TOI computed as a function of both atblock 414.

In addition or alternatively to using the emitted light reference signalas feedback to control light emission, the emitted light referencesignal may be used by the monitoring module to adjust the computedmodified second derivatives at block 408. Shifts in the intensity of theemitted light may be accounted for by introducing a correction term inthe equation used to compute the modified second derivative.Accordingly, an adjusted modified second derivative for a selectedintermediate wavelength used to compute absolute oxygen saturation mightbe computed using:

D″(λ_(i))_(modified) =C _(i)−log(i _(out)+CT)_(λi+1)+2 log(i_(out)+CT)_(λi)−log(i _(out)+CT)_(λi−1)  (8)

wherein CT is a correction term, which may be a positive or negativevalue, determined for each wavelength using the emitted light referencesignal and is used to adjust the remitted light intensities i_(out) foreach wavelength.

In the methods described herein for monitoring tissue oxygenation,determining optical sensor status, detecting or predicting tissuehypoxia and controlling device therapies, the modified second derivativecomputations may be substituted for second derivative computations usedin deriving volume-independent indices of O₂Sat and indices of HbT.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method 250 for using a medical deviceincluding an optical sensor for monitoring tissue oxygenation. At block252 of method 250, the optical sensor is calibrated using controlsamples, for example in an in vitro blood circuit, having known oxygensaturation and total hemoglobin concentration. The calibration methodmay be used to generate a look-up table. A look-up table of valuesrelating measurements computed from the light detector output signal andthe known O₂Sat and HbT may be stored in the device memory. The look-uptable can then be used to derive absolute O₂Sat and Hbt values from anoptical sensor measurement as will be further described below.

Alternatively, calibration methods may include curve-fitting methods tosolve for coefficients defining best-fit curves to the calibration data.In one embodiment, the absolute tissue oxygen saturation is defined by:

O ₂sat=Ae ^(B(SD″(λ) ^(i) ⁾⁾⁺ C  (9)

wherein SD″ is a scaled second derivative of the attenuation spectra ata selected intermediate wavelength (λ_(i)) emitted and detected by theoptical sensor. As described above, a scaled second derivative of theattenuation spectra at a selected wavelength is determined by themonitoring module using the light detector signal. The scaled secondderivative is the ratio of the second derivative with respect towavelength of the attenuation spectra at a selected wavelength λ_(i) tothe second derivative of the attenuation spectra at another selectedwavelength used for scaling. By properly selecting the wavelength λ andthe other wavelength used for scaling, the scaled second derivative isan oxygen-dependent and volume-independent ratio. The coefficients A, Band C are determined through best-fit analysis of measurements of thescaled second derivative for calibration samples having known oxygensaturation.

The total tissue hemoglobin volume fraction can be defined by theequation:

HbT=[M(100−O ₂Sat)^(N) +L]*[(D″(λi)/SF]  (10)

wherein M, N, and L are coefficients determined during calibration andD″(λi) is the second derivative of the attenuation spectra with respectto wavelength at the selected intermediate wavelength λ_(i). D″(λ) ismeasured for samples containing known total hemoglobin volume fractionand known oxygen saturation. The calibration coefficients M, N and L maythen be computed for a best-fit of the measured second derivative valuesand known O₂Sat and HbT. Alternatively, the measured second derivativevalues and known O₂Sat and HbT may be used to generate a look-up tablefor converting the measured second derivative values to HbT.

SF is a spacing factor which may be used to adjust for anemitting-to-detecting portion spacing that may be different duringtissue measurements than that used during calibration. Since the HbTmeasurement is dependent on both O₂Sat and the measurement volume, andmeasurement volume is dependent on the optical path of the sensor,defined at least in part by the spacing between the emitting anddetecting portions, the HbT measurement needs to be corrected forchanges in emitting-to-detecting portion spacing. For example, thesensor may be calibrated using a nominal emitting-to-detecting portionspacing, however when multiple emitting and/or detecting portions areselectable in a sensor or combination of sensors, the spacing may bedifferent during monitoring than that used during calibration. As such,a spacing factor corresponding to selectable emitting-to-detectingportion spacings may be stored and used to correct the HbT measurementwhen a different spacing is used during monitoring than duringcalibration.

At block 254, the sensor is positioned in or on a patient at a desiredinternal or external monitoring site. A test measurement is performed atblock 256. The absolute O₂Sat and HbT are determined from the sensoroutput signal using the stored calibration data. The measured values arecompared to an acceptable measurement range at block 258. Thiscomparison may be performed manually or automatically using a programmedrange stored in the medical device memory. An acceptable measurementrange generally corresponds to an expected physiological range fortissue O₂Sat and HbT. For example, an acceptable range for tissue O₂Satmight be defined to be between approximately 80% and 90%. An acceptablerange for HbT might be defined to be between approximately 1% and 25%.These ranges may vary depending on the type of tissue adjacent to thesensor, the heterogeneity of the tissue, the blood oxygenation state ofthe patient and other factors. The acceptable measurement range may bedefined nominally, determined clinically, or tailored to a givenpatient.

If the tissue oxygen saturation exceeds a predefined expected range, forexample greater than approximately 90%, the sensor may be in a positionthat results in arterial blood strongly contributing to the tissueoxygen saturation measurement. If the monitoring application isconcerned with measuring tissue oxygenation, e.g. in skeletal muscle,rather than arterial oxygen saturation, the sensor may be repositionedat block 264 or a different emitting-to-detecting pair may be selectedresulting in a different optical path through the tissue.

Likewise, if the oxygen saturation is too low, for example less thanapproximately 80%, the sensor may be in a position that results invenous blood strongly contributing to the oxygen saturation measurement.If the absolute oxygen saturation falls below an expected physiologicalrange for the particular sensing application, the sensor may berepositioned at block 264. Alternatively, a differentemitting-to-detecting pair may be selected resulting in a differentoptical path through the tissue.

If the total hemoglobin is less than a predetermined range, for exampleless than approximately 1%, the sensor may be improperly positionedagainst the tissue (poor tissue contact) or in a position over anon-tissue medium or low or non-perfused tissue. For example, if thesensor is positioned over fat, scar tissue, clear body fluids, or otherimplanted medical device components, the total tissue hemoglobinconcentration may be below a normal physiological range forblood-perfused tissue. A total tissue hemoglobin of greater than anacceptable physiological range, for example greater than approximately25%, may indicate blood pooling in the measurement volume beneath thesensor or other sensor measurement error. If the HbT test measurement isoutside a predefined acceptable range, the sensor may be repositioned atblock 264 or a different emitting and detecting pair selected to changethe optical pathway.

Once the O₂Sat and HbT measurements are confirmed to be in an acceptablephysiological range for the tissue being monitored, at block 258, atissue uniformity index may be determined at block 260. A tissueuniformity index is determined by utilizing at least two differentemitting-to-detecting portion spacings. Accordingly at least twodifferent combinations of light sources and light detectors at twodifferent spacings must be available, on the same or different opticalsensors, positioned adjacent a target tissue volume.

When at least two different spacings are available, the absolute tissueoxygen saturation is measured using the two different spacings andcompared. A tissue uniformity index may be computed based on thedifference between two or more measurements made using differentemitting-to-detecting portion spacing. Each measurement would eachinvolve different measurement volumes defined by different opticalpathways extending through the tissue. For example, a relatively greateremitting-to-detecting portion spacing would result in greater depth ofthe optical pathway and thus deeper measurement volume.

If the difference between two measurements is small, the tissue isrelatively homogenous and uniform through the depth of the largermeasurement volume. If the difference between two measurements is large,the tissue is more heterogeneous. A threshold for detectinguniform/homogenous versus non-uniform/heterogeneous tissue volumes maybe selected according to a particular application. Detection ofheterogeneous tissue may warrant repositioning of the sensor. A tissueuniformity index may indicate the most appropriate emitter-to-detectorspacing for measuring within a desired tissue volume and therefore guideselection of light sources and light detectors when multiplecombinations are available.

In summary, the initial O₂Sat, HbT, and tissue uniformity measurementscan be used individually or in combination to decide if the sensorposition is acceptable at block 262. If not the sensor may berepositioned at block 264. Instead of repositioning the sensor whenunacceptable tissue uniformity or HbT or O₂Sat measurements areobtained, a different optical path may be selected by selecting adifferent combination of light source(s) and light detector whenavailable. For example, multiple light sources and light detectors maybe available in one or more sensors to allow selection of differentoptical paths.

If the sensor position is acceptable, the sensor may be stably fixed atthe desired site. In some monitoring applications, chronic fixation ofthe sensor may not be required, e.g. if acute measurements are performedat one or more locations. Stable positioning is desired duringoxygenation measurements. Baseline O₂Sat and HbT measurements may beacquired and stored at block 266 according to the needs of theparticular sensing application. Baseline measurements may be acquiredfor comparison to future measurements, for use in learning algorithmsperformed during clinical interventions or during naturally occurringphysiological events for use in setting thresholds for detecting tissuehypoxia and potentially discriminating between different physiologicalconditions, or for initiating continuous monitoring of the tissue O₂Satand HbT, i.e. tissue oxygenation, for monitoring patient status.

At block 268 preliminary detection thresholds may be set for detectingphysiological events corresponding to tissue oxygenation. For example,thresholds may be set for detecting or predicting tissue hypoxia, whichmay in turn be used as a detection or warning that a correspondingdisease state may be worsening, such as heart failure, diabetes,hypertension, anemia, sleep apnea or other breathing disorders, or thelike. A detection threshold may be set based on a percentage change orother defined interval from the baseline measurements.

When HbT and/or O₂Sat measurements are out of an acceptable range and adifferent emitting-to-detecting portion spacing is not available orrepositioning at block 264 is not possible (or not performed) baselinemeasurements may still be stored at block 266 and used for settingpatient-specific thresholds at block 268. Patient-specific thresholds ofHbT and O₂Sat, or a tissue oxygenation index computed from the HbT andO₂Sat measurements, may be defined and stored for use in detectingphysiological events.

For example, if the O₂ Sat measurement is low, e.g. <80%, the sensor maybe located near a vein and the contribution of the venous blood in theoptical path may be causing the lower measurement. In this case, changesin O₂Sat or HbT measurements during tissue hypoxia may be reducedcompared to a measurement that is obtained over a capillary bed in thetissue. Likewise if a high arterial blood contribution is present in themeasurement due to the sensor being located over an artery, the baselineO₂Sat will be higher than when positioned over a capillary bed. A changein O₂Sat during tissue hypoxia may again be lower than when the sensoris over a capillary bed. As such, thresholds relating to absolute valuesof O₂Sat and HbT and/or thresholds relating to trends in O₂Sat and HbTthat are used for detecting physiological events may be adjustedaccording to baseline measurements. For example, a threshold change inO₂Sat for detecting a hypoxic condition may be lowered when a baselineO₂Sat measurement is lower (higher venous contribution) or higher(higher arterial contribution) than an expected baseline measurementcorresponding to a position over a capillary bed.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method 340 for monitoring tissueoxygenation. At block 342, tissue oxygenation monitoring is enabled.Oxygenation monitoring may be enabled at the time of device implantationbased on acceptable sensor positioning and baseline measurements.

Tissue oxygenation measurements (i.e. O₂Sat and HbT) may be performed ona periodic basis for assessing patient status and sensor function,updating baseline measurements, adjusting detection thresholds, ormonitoring for physiological events. Additionally, tissue oxygenationmeasurements may be performed on a triggered basis in response to a usercommand, detection of a physiological event based on other sensorsignals, or at the onset, during or end of a delivered therapy.

Periodic measurements may be obtained at any desired time interval, forexample every few seconds, every minute, hourly, daily weekly, or anyother frequency as needed for a particular monitoring application. Thefrequency of periodic measurements may be adjusted automatically ormanually if measurements are desired on a more or less frequent basis.For example, if a change greater than a predetermined percentage orpredefined range is detected since a previous measurement, the frequencyof periodic measurements may be increased to allow closer monitoring ofpatient status or early detection of a physiological event.

If it is time for performing periodic or triggered measurements, theoptical sensor is operated under the control of a control module to emitand detect light to perform oxygenation measurements at block 344.Performing tissue oxygenation measurements involves computing theuncalibrated SD″(λ) and D″(λ) values in one embodiment. These values maybe stored as indices of O₂Sat and HbT or converted to calibratedabsolute O₂Sat and HbT measurements using stored calibration data whenavailable. A TOI may then be computed using the uncalibrated SD″(λ) andD″(λ) values and/or the calibrated O₂Sat and HbT.

The tissue oxygenation measurements are stored to provide data forevaluating trends in oxygenation measurements or for updating baselinesor detection thresholds. The oxygenation measurements may be used todetermine and store a status of the optical sensor. If either of theO₂Sat or HbT measurements (or SD″(λ) and D″(λ)) are out of theacceptable measurement range, the sensor status may be indicated asunreliable. Tissue oxygenation measurements may be temporarily orpermanently disabled based on out of range measurements. If alternativelight sources and/or light detectors are available, a different sensorconfiguration may be selected to obtain measurements within anacceptable measurement range.

Tissue hypoxia detection thresholds may be applied individually to theO₂Sat and HbT measurements at blocks 346 and 348 respectfully.Additionally or alternatively, a threshold may be applied to a TOIcomputed using both O₂Sat and HbT measurements. If detection criteriaare met at block 358, tissue hypoxia is detected at block 360. Detectioncriteria may include threshold criteria applied to O₂Sat and HbTmeasurements (which may be obtained at a single time point or includetime averaged or median measurements), threshold criteria applied to aTOI, or thresholds applied to trends in any of these measurements. Sincetissue oxygen partial pressure is not being measured directly, the O₂Satand HbT measurements relate to the oxygen available to the tissue andthus a detection of tissue hypoxia may be considered a prediction thatthe tissue is hypoxic or becoming hypoxic based on the oxygen availableto the tissue.

Trend analysis may perfomed using O₂Sat (e.g., dO_(2Sat)=O₂ Sat_(i)—O₂Sat_(baseline)), HbT (dHbT=HbT_(i)−HbT_(baseline)) and/or a TOI(dTOI=TOI_(i)−TOI_(baseline)) computed as a function of both O₂ Sat andHbt. The trends may be computed using a previous measurement, a runningaverage or other previously identified baseline measurement. The trendanalysis may alternatively be performed using the uncalibrated indicesof O₂ Sat, HbT and/or a TOI computed therefrom, i.e. dSD″(λ) and dD″(λ)and/or dTOI wherein the TOI is computed as a function of both SD″(λ) andD″(λ). A threshold applied to the trends may be defined for each of theoxygenation measurements independently or a single threshold may bedefined for the TOI. For example, a detection threshold applied todO₂Sat might be defined as a 5% decrease from a baseline O₂Sat. If thebaseline tissue O₂Sat is 85%, 5% of the baseline O₂Sat is 4.25%. Assuch, if the baseline O₂Sat is 85% and falls to 80%, the dO₂Sat of 5% isgreater than the detection threshold of 4.25% resulting in the dO₂Satdetection criteria being met. Other detection thresholds may besimilarly applied to the trended HbT and/or TOI measurements.

The detection criteria applied at block 358 may include application of athreshold to one or more oxygenation measurements and/or trends. If thethreshold criteria defined for detecting tissue hypoxia are not met atblock 358, an optional evaluation of O₂Sat and HbT individually may beanalyzed to determine if tissue hypoxia is present in spite of adequateblood flow to the tissue volume. If the O₂Sat measurement is less than ahypoxia detection threshold, but the HbT measurement exceeds a hypoxiadetection threshold, as determined at block 362, tissue hypoxia may bepresent due to inadequate oxygenation of the blood, i.e. hypoxemia.

In some embodiments, another optical sensor (or a different opticalpathway on the same sensor but using different light source and lightdetector) may be available having an optical pathway encompassing avolume of arterial blood. Alternatively, local tissue heating may beapplied to cause vasodilation and obtain an estimate of arterial oxygensaturation. A reference arterial O₂Sat (and HbT) measurement may be madeto determine the oxygenation status of arterial blood at block 364. Ifthe absolute arterial blood O₂Sat is determined to be low, e.g. lessthan approximately 90%, hypoxemia may be detected at block 366. Tissuehypoxia is confirmed at block 360 in response to the low tissue O₂Satmeasurement corroborated by a low arterial O₂Sat measurement at block360. Otherwise, if a reference arterial O₂Sat is not low (block 364),the tissue hypoxia is not confirmed and the process may return to block344 to continue monitoring tissue oxygenation.

In some embodiments, detection thresholds may be defined based on aPrincipal Component Analysis (PCA) of the tissue oxygenationmeasurements. Principal component analysis involves plotting the O₂Satand HbT measurements (or uncalibrated indices thereof) in atwo-dimensional space (or an n-dimensional space when additionalphysiological variables are being used in combination with theoxygenation measurements). A vector identifying a first principalcomponent of variation of the plotted measurements is computed. Thefirst principal component of variation of the measurements may beidentified for different types of physiological events and used as atemplate for detecting a given event when the first principal componentof the variation of the oxygenation measurements approaches a storedfirst principal component template for the given event.

Additionally or alternatively, a vector identifying a first principalcomponent of variation of the plotted measurements during variousconfounding situations, such as during motion or known patientactivities or postures, may be determined for use in artifact removal.In this case, a principal component that is normal (orthogonal) to thefirst principal component of the plotted measurements in the presence ofartifact can be used to remove the effect of the artifact from themeasurement variation. Principal component analysis methods generallydescribed in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 61/144,943 (Deno, et al.), incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety, may be adapted for use with thetissue oxygenation measurements described herein. For example, ann-dimensional measurement undergoing principal component analysis mayinclude O₂Sat and HbT or the uncalibrated values of SD″(λ) and D″(λ) astwo of the n dimensions. Alternatively, a TOI computed using acombination of O₂Sat and HbT or SD″(λ) and D″(λ) may be included as oneof the n-dimensions combined with other physiological variables measuredusing other sensor signals such as blood pressure, heart rate,temperature, etc.

At block 368, the HbT measurement may be monitored to detect an out ofrange measurement. Sample data points corresponding to an out-of-rangeHbT may be ignored. Alternatively, HbT values may be used to rank thequality of oxygenation measurements in a measurement correctionoperation at block 370. For example, if a weighted combination ofvariables is being used to detect tissue hypoxia or an associatedphysiological event, less weighting may be applied to HbT (andoptionally O₂Sat) when HbT measurement(s) are out of an acceptablerange. HbT may be ignored or assigned a low weighting based on the rangein which the HbT measurement falls. O₂Sat may also be ignored or be usedalone in determining a tissue oxygenation status.

After a measurement correction operation is performed at block 370, thedetection criteria may be applied again at block 358. If the detectioncriteria at block 358 and the individual assessment of O₂Sat and HbT atblock 362 still do not result in prediction/detection of tissue hypoxia,the method will return to block 344 to continue monitoring. Oncemeasurement correction is performed at block 370, it need not berepeated until new HbT measurements are available. As such, after theindividual assessment of O₂Sat and HbT at block 362, a determination maybe made at block 367 whether measurement correction has already takenplace in response to HbT out of range measurements. If so, the methodreturns to block 344. If not, the correction is performed one time atblock 370.

If HbT is significantly out of range for a large number of samplepoints, detection of physiological events based on oxygenationmeasurements may be disabled. A predetermined number of minimum samplepoints falling within an acceptable measurement range during amonitoring window may be required to rely on a tissue oxygenation-baseddetection algorithm outcome.

In other embodiments, the amplitude of one light attenuation signal,such as an isosbestic wavelength at approximately 810 nm, may bemonitored to determine if the sensor operation is reliable. If thedetected signal at a selected wavelength is below a predeterminedthreshold, than the signal strength is too low to obtain reliableoxygenation measurements. If the detected signal at a selectedwavelength is too high, light shunting or reflections may be causing aninaccurately high light signal. Such light signal monitoring may beperformed before computing oxygenation measurements with an indicationthat reliable optical sensing is unavailable.

In response to detecting tissue hypoxia, a patient or physician alarmmay be generated at block 372. Methods for generating an alarm includebroadcasting an audible sound or delivering electrical stimulationperceptible to the patient, or transmitting a message to a home monitor,computer or other communication networked device.

Additionally or alternatively, a device delivered therapy may beinitiated or adjusted at block 372. Device-delivered therapies mayinclude delivering electrical stimulation to the heart, deliveringelectrical stimulation to a nerve, or delivering a therapeutic fluidinto a body tissue or the blood stream. In some cases, adjustment to adevice-delivered therapy at block 372 may include terminating thetherapy in response to detecting or predicting tissue hypoxia if thetissue hypoxia is suspected to be a side-effect of the therapy.

Tissue oxygenation monitoring may continue at block 374 continuously orperiodically in response to changing, initiating, or terminating atherapy. Periodic measurements may be increased in frequency as comparedto periodic measurements performed at block 344. If trends inoxygenation measurements show an improvement, as determined at block376, method 340 may maintain the current therapy delivery (or terminatethe therapy delivery if the desired therapeutic response has beenreached). Tissue oxygenation monitoring may continue at block 374 ormethod 340 may return to block 342 as shown to wait for the nextscheduled periodic monitoring event.

If oxygenation measurements have not improved at block 376, furtheradjustments to the therapy may be made at block 378 with continuedmonitoring at block 374. In this way, tissue oxygenation measurementsmay be used to provide feedback in the control of a device-deliveredtherapy. Such feedback control may be used when the therapy is initiatedin response to detecting or predicting tissue hypoxia as shown in FIG. 8or whenever a therapy is being delivered or available.

Improvements in oxygenation measurements at block 376 may be detectedthrough threshold comparisons or analysis of trended measurements asdescribed previously. Evaluation of improvements in oxygenationmeasurements, i.e. increases in O₂Sat and HbT, may be based oncomparisons to the measurements that initially caused the hypoxiaprediction/detection at block 360. In other words, the oxygenationmeasurements meeting detection criteria at block 358 may be stored asepisode onset measurements for computing measurement trends with latermeasurements made during therapy delivery. Alternatively, improvementmay be evaluated as an increasing trend toward a previously storedbaseline measurement associated with normal tissue oxygenation.

As described previously, tissue oxygenation measurements may include anon-calibrated index of oxygen saturation determined using atwo-wavelength or three-wavelength optical. Accordingly, in method 340,indices of tissue oxygen saturation and/or a blood volume index derivedfrom optical sensors measuring two or more wavelengths may besubstituted for the specified O₂Sat and HbT measurements obtained usinga 4- or more wavelength system and second derivative attenuationmeasurement methods.

While the flow chart of FIG. 8 provides a general method 340 fordetecting tissue hypoxia, the specific monitoring application willdetermine which measurements are monitored and how threshold criteriaare defined. FIGS. 9 through 13 illustrate numerous examples ofdifferent tissue oxygenation monitoring devices that may be used forvarious monitoring applications. For example, method 340 may be adaptedfor use with any of the sensing devices shown in FIGS. 1 and 9-13 formonitoring tissue oxygenation for determining the status of a variety ofpathological conditions.

In FIG. 9, an implantable optical sensing device 500 includes anelongated lead body 514, an optical sensor 502, and a stent 504positioned at the distal end of the lead body 514. Optical sensor 502includes one or more light emitting portions 506 and one or more lightdetecting portions 508. Lead 514 carries conductors for deliveringcontrol signals to the light emitting portion 506 and carrying sensoroutput signals from light detecting portion 508 to an associatedimplantable medical device, such as IMD 10 shown in FIG. 1.

Sensor 502 is mounted along an inner or outer radial surface of a stent504 so as to direct the lenses of the emitting and detecting portions506 and 508 radially outward, toward the vessel inner wall 516. Ifplaced on an inner surface of stent 504, stent 504 may include openwindows or a material that is optically transparent to the wavelengthsof interest aligned with the sensor emitting and detecting portions.Stent 504 may be an expandable stent that is deployed to maintain theposition of sensor 502 adjacent a desired tissue volume. Stent 504 holdsthe sensor emitting and detecting portions 506 and 508 in closeproximity or directly against (in direct contact with) the inner wall516 of a blood vessel 512. Stent 504 also maintains the longitudinalposition of sensor 502 with respect to a longitudinal axis of the bloodvessel 512.

In alternative embodiments, other mechanisms may be employed to maintainthe axial position of the sensor 502 and to hold the sensor 502 directlyagainst an inner vessel wall 516. Other mechanisms may include aninflatable balloon, tines, or preformed curves formed in lead body 514.Such mechanisms may protrude in a direction opposite the direction ofsensor orientation to thereby urge the sensor 502 toward and againstinner wall 516 such that sensor 502 is positioned to obtain lightsignals from a measurement volume extending into tissue 510 adjacent tovessel 512. For example, a balloon or extending tines may be mountedalong the backside (opposite the windows of emitting and detectingportions 504 and 506) of sensor 502. When inflated or extended, theballoon or tines would press against the inner vessel wall opposite thesensor 502 thus pushing the sensor 502 against inner wall 516. Typicallyblood vessel 512 will be a vein however sensing device 500 may also beadvanced into an artery.

During sensor operation, light is emitted and scattered by the bloodvessel wall and adjacent tissue 510. The spacing between emittingportion 506 and detecting portion 508 is selected to provide a desireddepth of the optical pathway into the adjacent tissue volume 510 suchthat a majority of the optical pathway encompasses tissue volume 510. Inthis way, oxygenation of tissue 510 may be monitored using sensingdevice 500 with optical sensor remaining within the lumen 518 of bloodvessel 512. When multiple light emitting and/or detecting portions areincluded in sensor 502 to allow different emitting-to-detecting pairsand spacings to be selected, and thus different optical pathways to beselected, tissue oxygenation monitoring may be performed at differentdepths within tissue volume 510. In some embodiments, the tissue volumeof interest may be the wall of blood vessel 512.

In one embodiment, blood vessel 512 is a renal vein and tissue volume510 corresponds to a portion of a patient's kidneys. Method 340 may beused to monitor for tissue hypoxia in the kidney for detecting orpredicting the onset of renal failure. Renal failure is oftenunderdiagnosed and can be an important prognostic indicator in heartfailure patients. Renal failure also occurs with diabetes andhypertension. Renal failure is associated with prolonged hospital staysand higher mortality. By detecting or predicting hypoxia in kidneytissue, early medical intervention may be taken to reducehospitalization and mortality caused by renal failure associated withthese diseases.

With regard to method 340 of FIG. 8, when tissue hypoxia is detected orpredicted in a kidney at block 360, a patient or physician alarm may begenerated and/or a device delivered therapy may be initiated or adjustedat block 372. For example, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) oranother cardiac pacing, nerve stimulation, or cardiac drug therapy maybe administered in a heart failure patient to improve cardiac output inan attempt to improve kidney perfusion.

In another embodiment, vessel 512 may be a vessel of the lower leg usedto monitor tissue oxygenation in a diabetic patient. Poor perfusion inthe limbs in diabetic patients is a common cause of lower limbamputation. By detecting impaired tissue oxygenation early in a diabeticpatient, medical intervention to improve limb perfusion may be taken topreclude amputation. As such, method 340 of FIG. 8 may be used with atransvenous sensing device 500 for detecting/predicting tissue hypoxiain the lower limb (or another extremity) of a diabetic patient.

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an optical sensing device 600 includingan elongated lead body 614 and an optical sensor 602 provided at adistal end of the lead body 614. An extendable tine 620 is shownextending from a back side 605 of sensor 602. Tine 620 may be embodiedas a flexible tine that is preformed to extend radially outward fromsensor 602 toward the inner vessel wall 616 opposite the orientation ofthe sensor emitting and detecting portions 604 and 606. In this way,tine 620 will urge the emitting and detecting portions against the innervessel wall 616 to allow the sensor 602 to “look out” from the vessel612. Additionally or alternatively to tine 620, lead body 614 mayinclude preformed curves 622, for example an S-shaped curve as shown, tourge emitting and detecting portions 604 and 606 against inner wall 616.

Optical sensor 602 includes multiple light emitting portions 604 and onelight detecting portion 606. Lead 614 carries conductors for deliveringcontrol signals to the light emitting portions 604 and for carryingsensor output signals from light detecting portion 606 to an associatedimplantable medical device, such as IMD 10 shown in FIG. 1. The multiplelight emitting portions 604 may be selectively operated to allowdetection of light scattered by different tissue volumes encompassed bydifferent optical pathways between the emitting portions 604 and thedetecting portion 606. The multiple pathways illustrated by curvedarrows will extend different depths into the adjacent tissue 610.

In some embodiments, sensing device 600 may be advanced within a vein612 to a position adjacent to an artery 630. By properly selecting anemitting portion 604 that results in an optical pathway, i.e.measurement volume, that includes arterial blood 632 flowing in thearterial lumen, arterial O₂Sat and HbT may be monitored. Thustransvenous placement of sensing device 600 may allow O₂Sat and HbTmeasurements in an adjacent tissue 610 and/or in an adjacent arterialblood volume 632. Oxygenation measurements obtained for a measurementvolume that includes arterial block 632 may provide reference arterialO₂Sat measurements for detecting hypoxemia and detecting or predictingtissue hypoxia as generally described in conjunction with FIG. 8.

It is recognized that either of sensing devices 500 and 600 may beprovided without a mechanism that holds the sensor windows against thevessel wall such that O₂Sat and HbT measurements may be made along anoptical pathway that includes a volume of blood within the vessel lumen.When measurements within a volume of venous or arterial blood aredesired using an intravascular device, the orientation of the emittingand detecting portions may be adjusted to direct the optical pathwaywithin the blood volume instead of out of the vessel. It is furthercontemplated that a mechanism deployed to hold the sensor against theinner surface of the vessel wall may be positioned in a second positionthat does not hold the sensor against the vein wall. For example, tine620 or other extendable fixation device may be retracted or aninflatable balloon may be deflated to allow the sensor to move away fromthe inner wall 616 for performing O₂Sat and HbT measurements within avenous blood volume. The mechanism may then be deployed into a firstposition that does hold the sensor against the vein wall to allowmeasurements in tissue adjacent to the vein 612.

FIG. 11A is a schematic view of an optical sensing device 700 includinga sensor 702 coupled to the distal end of a lead 714 for measuring O₂Satand HbT in a blood volume. The distal end of sensing device 700 may beadvanced to an implant site adjacent to a blood vessel 712, which may bea vein or artery, with emitting and detecting portions 704 and 706placed in very close proximity or in direct contact with the outer wall716 of blood vessel 712. Emitting and detecting portions 704 and 706 areconfigured to “look into” vessel 712, through vessel wall 716. Sensor702 may be held in position by sutures, active or passive fixationmembers, or other fixation methods. Light emitted by emitting portion704 will be scattered by the blood flowing through vessel lumen 718.Remitted light detected by detecting portion 706 allows computation ofO₂Sat and HbT that strongly correlates to the O₂Sat and HbT of therespective arterial or venous blood. While some contribution from anyintervening tissue, including the vessel wall, may influence the O₂Satand HbT measurements, proper selection of emitting-to-detecting portionspacing will allow a majority of the optical pathway to extend withinthe blood volume, making the O₂Sat and HbT measurements more sensitiveto changes in the blood than changes in any intervening tissue. ThusO₂Sat and HbT of venous or arterial blood may be monitored using anextravascular optical sensor 702.

FIG. 11B is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of an opticalsensing device 700′ used for monitoring O₂Sat and HbT in an arterial orvenous blood volume. Device 700′ includes an optical sensor 702′ mountedto a cuff 708 coupled to a distal end of a lead body 714′. In thisembodiment, cuff 708 encircles at least a portion of the vessel 712thereby positioning the emitting portion 704′ and the detecting portion706′ in close proximity or directly against the vessel wall 716 andoriented to emit light into and detect light scattered by the bloodvolume flowing in lumen 718. The detecting portion 706′ may be locatedalong cuff 708 opposite the emitting portion 704′, as shown in FIG. 11B.This arrangement positions the detecting portion 706′ in facingopposition to emitting portion 704′ and thus light signals transmittedthrough the blood volume will be measured. As shown, detection portion706′ is at approximately 180 degrees from the emitting portion 704′. Thedetecting and emitting portion may be positioned at any other radialangle with respect to one another and relative to a central axis of thevessel 712.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of yet another embodiment of sensing device800 for monitoring O₂Sat and HbT in a blood-perfused tissue or in anarterial or venous blood volume. Sensing device 800 includes an opticalsensor 802 coupled to the distal end of lead body 814. Sensing device800 is sized to be advanced through a hollow needle 822. Hollow needle822 is provided with a sharpened tip for puncturing through vein wall842 at a desired puncture site. Hollow needle 822 may be advancedthrough vein 840 to a puncture site through a hollow delivery catheter820. Sharpened distal tip 824 is then advanced through vein wall 840.Sensing device 800 is advanced through hollow needle 822 and out distaltip 824 to an extravascular location.

Optical sensor 802 may be positioned within blood perfused tissue 842adjacent to vein 840 or advanced near or in direct contact with anadjacent artery 812 for monitoring arterial O₂Sat and HbT. Opticalsensor 802 may be provided with flexible tines 808 or other fixationmechanisms to promote fixation of sensor 802 within the tissue 842.Hollow needle 822 and delivery catheter 820 may then be removed leavingsensing device 800 in place for monitoring tissue oxygenation inadjacent tissue 842 or artery 812.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an external monitoring system 850 foruse in monitoring tissue oxygenation. An optical sensor 852 is shownpositioned on a patient's arm for monitoring tissue oxygenation. Sensor852 includes light emitting and detecting portions (not shown in FIG.13) as described previously and control circuitry for operating lightsource(s) and light detector(s). Sensor 852 is shown coupled to anexternal monitor 854 which may receive optical signals from sensor 852and process the signals to compute O₂Sat and HbT. Computed measures maybe displayed or stored in memory included in monitor 854 for use indetermining fluctuations or trends in oxygenation measurements.

The external sensor 852 is shown stably positioned on the patient's armusing a cuff 853 but an adhesive patch or other methods may be used forsecuring the sensor 852 in a stable position. Sensor 852 may include apower source (battery), processor, control circuitry, memory, wirelesstelemetry circuitry and other circuitry that enables sensor 852 tooperate as a wireless sensor, allowing the patient to be ambulatorywithout wired connection to external monitor 854. Sensor 852 maytransmit oxygenation data wirelessly to external monitor 854 or anotherimplanted or external medical device.

In one embodiment sensor 852 is provided for monitoring tissueoxygenation during a sleep study to evaluate a patient suspected ofhaving sleep apnea or other breathing disorders, such as Cheyne-Stokesbreathing. Episodes of predicted or detected tissue hypoxia may beidentified using O₂Sat and HbT measurements as generally described inconjunction with method 340 of FIG. 8. Such episodes may be correlatedto episodes of apnea. Fluctuations in O₂Sat and HbT may be useful inidentifying periods of apnea, hypopnea, and hyperpnea for use indiagnosing a breathing disorder.

The externally-worn sensor 852 may also be used to provide a feedbacksignal for delivering a therapy using an external therapy deliverydevice 856. In one embodiment, therapy delivery device delivers a sleepapnea therapy. For example, a patient being treated for sleep apnea maybe breathing through a mask 858 coupled to device 856 embodied as acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine. Sensor 852 maytransmit signals to the CPAP machine via a wireless telemetry link 860(or a hardwired link) to control the pressure applied by the CPAPmachine. For example, the O₂Sat and HbT measurements may be used in afeedback algorithm to maintain the pressure applied by device 856embodied as a CPAP machine at the lowest pressure needed to maintainO₂Sat above a predetermined minimum. High positive pressure can beuncomfortable to the patient so by controlling the pressure in thismanner patient discomfort may be reduced.

An adhesive or cuff-mounted sensor 852 may be used in alternative tissueoxygenation monitoring applications wherein a patient applies the sensor852 to an arm, leg, foot, hand or other body location on a daily, weeklyor other periodic basis, or when feeling symptomatic. The sensor maycommunicate with a home monitor or communication network device totransmit oxygenation measurements to allow chronic monitoring or thetissue oxygenation status. For example, a diabetic patient may apply anexternal sensor like sensor 852 shown in FIG. 13 on a daily basis tomonitor his or her own limb perfusion.

External sensor 852 may be positioned at any core body location, on thehead or on an extremity for assessing tissue oxygenation status of apatient and for providing feedback for controlling or assessing theeffectiveness of a therapy delivered by external therapy delivery device856. In one embodiment, external therapy delivery device 856 is anexternal defibrillator which may include automated cardiopulmonaryresuscitation (CPR) delivery. Sensor 852 may provide a tissueoxygenation measurement displayed on external device 856 for feedback toindicate effectiveness of CPR. CPR may be delivered manually by anemergency responder. The tissue oxygenation measurement providesfeedback to the emergency responder. Alternatively, the CPR may bedelivered by an automated CPR delivery device. The tissue oxygenationmeasurement may be used as feedback control to allow manual or automaticadjustment of the automated CPR. Sensor 852 may also indicate arestoration of cardiac function following an external defibrillationshock and provide a general indication of the degree or speed ofrecovery following resuscitation.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate other configurations of external tissueoxygenation sensing devices. In FIG. 14A, an externally worn sensingdevice 880 includes an optical sensor 884 mounted in a sock or shoe 882worn by the patient. The device 880 may be worn by a diabetic patient,for example, who would be considered too high risk to undergo surgeryfor implanting a sensing device. The wearable sensing device 880 maystore oxygenation data that is transmitted to a home monitor,programmer, or networked communication device for processing andreporting to a clinician.

FIG. 14B illustrates a sensing device 890 that includes a monitor base892 and optical sensor 894. Monitor base 890 is shown to include anoutline or depression shaped like a foot and may be provided for apatient to place a foot onto for allowing sensor 894 to obtain tissueoxygenation measurements from the patient's foot. In alternativeembodiments, a patient may place a digit, hand, lower leg or otherextremity against a sensor base unit to thereby enable sensor 894 toobtain tissue oxygenation measurements on a periodic basis.

Thus, a medical device and methods for use have been presented in theforegoing description with reference to specific embodiments. It isappreciated that various modifications to the referenced embodiments maybe made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forthin the following claims.

1. A method for monitoring a patient condition in a medical device having an optical sensor, the method comprising: advancing the sensor intravascularly to position the sensor along a volume of tissue; controlling the optical sensor to emit light comprising at least four spaced-apart light wavelengths; detecting light scattered by the volume of tissue, wherein detecting light comprises measuring an optical sensor output signal corresponding to an intensity of the scattered light; and computing a measure of tissue oxygenation in response to the detected light.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein computing the measure of tissue oxygenation comprises: computing an attenuation for each of the at least four wavelengths of detected light; computing a second derivative with respect to wavelength for at least two intermediate wavelengths of the at least four wavelengths; and computing a scaled second derivative of one of the intermediate wavelengths.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising computing a measure of total hemoglobin volume fraction using the measure of tissue oxygen saturation.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting a therapy in response to the measure of tissue oxygenation.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning the sensor along an inner vessel wall to orient the sensor to emit light through the vessel wall into the volume of tissue.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the volume of tissue comprises a volume of arterial blood.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning the sensor through a vessel wall into tissue adjacent to the vessel wall to orient the sensor to emit light into the volume of tissue.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning the sensor through a vessel wall to orient the sensor to emit light into a volume of arterial blood.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning the sensor along a renal vein, the volume of tissue comprising kidney tissue.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning the sensor along a peripheral vein.
 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising detecting hypoxia in the kidney tissue in response to the measurement of tissue oxygenation.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising adjusting a heart failure therapy in response to detecting the tissue hypoxia.
 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising positioning the sensor on a patient's skin.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising delivering a therapy to the patient and adjusting the therapy in response to the tissue oxygenation measurement.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the therapy comprises cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
 16. A medical device system, comprising: a sensor capable of being advanced transvascularly to be positioned along a volume of tissue, the sensor comprising a first combination of a light source and a light detector to emit light into a volume of tissue, to detect light scattered by the volume of tissue, and to generate a first output signal corresponding to an intensity of the detected light; a control module coupled to the light source to control the light source to emit light comprising at least four spaced-apart light wavelengths; and a monitoring module coupled to the light detector to receive the output signal and compute a measure of tissue oxygenation in response to the light detector output signal.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein computing the measure of tissue oxygen saturation by the monitoring module comprises: computing an attenuation for each of the at least four wavelengths of detected light; computing a second derivative with respect to wavelength for at least two intermediate wavelengths of the at least four wavelengths; and computing a scaled second derivative of one of the intermediate wavelengths.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the monitoring module further computes a measure of total hemoglobin volume fraction using the measure of tissue oxygen saturation.
 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the sensor further comprises a second combination of a light source and light detector for detecting light scattered by a volume of arterial blood and providing a second output signal corresponding to an intensity of the detected light scattered by the volume of arterial blood, wherein the monitoring module is coupled to the light detector of the second combination, computes a measure of arterial oxygen saturation in response to the second output signal, and detects tissue hypoxia in response to the measure of arterial oxygen saturation.
 20. The system of claim 16, further comprising: a therapy delivery module; and a therapy delivery controller coupled to the monitoring module and the therapy delivery module, the therapy delivery controller adjusting a therapy in response to the measure of tissue oxygenation.
 21. The system of claim 16, further comprising an elongated electrical lead, wherein the first combination of the light source and the light detector is positioned along the elongated lead.
 22. The system of claim 16, wherein the sensor is positioned along an inner vessel wall to orient the light source to emit light through the vessel wall into a volume of tissue adjacent to the vessel wall.
 23. The system of claim 16, wherein the first combination of a light source and a light detector is positioned along an outer vessel wall of a vessel to orient the light source to emit light through the outer vessel wall into a lumen of the vessel.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the light detector is positioned along the outer vessel wall in facing opposition to the light source.
 25. The system of claim 16, further comprising a hollow needle having a puncturing distal tip for advancing the needle through a wall of a blood vessel, wherein the first combination of the light source and the light detector are sized to be advanced through the hollow needle into a volume of tissue adjacent to the blood vessel.
 26. The system of claim 16, wherein the first combination of a light source and a light detector is capable of being positioned adjacent to kidney tissue, and wherein the monitoring module detects kidney hypoxia in response to the measurement of tissue oxygenation.
 27. The system of claim 26, further comprising: a therapy delivery module; and a controller coupled to the monitoring module and the therapy delivery module to adjust a therapy in response to detecting the kidney hypoxia.
 28. The system of claim 16, wherein the first combination of the light source and the light detector are positioned along a patient's skin.
 29. A computer readable medium having computer executable instructions for performing a method for monitoring a patient condition in a medical device having an optical sensor, the method comprising: advancing the sensor intravascularly to position the sensor along a volume of tissue; controlling the optical sensor to emit light comprising at least four spaced-apart light wavelengths; detecting light scattered by the volume of tissue, wherein detecting light comprises measuring an optical sensor output signal corresponding to an intensity of the scattered light; and computing a measure of tissue oxygenation in response to the detected light. 